The ongoing beach erosion since the 1980s has seen the construction of the seawall from Pembroke to Stone Street in 1989, and the sandbag wall at the surf club in 1996. More serious erosion occurred from the 1970s to 1980s. And the way to stop that is to build a revetment wall. Understanding and combating beach erosion can be a complex issue. This concentrated zone of erosion is now the location of the larger seawall. This narrow beach is below a steep fast-eroding bluff with few access points. Ed Ryan December 8, 2020 3. The Oyster Bank opposite Nobbys was less than 1 metre deep. The NSW Government has recently (2014) sold the Port of Newcastle for $1.75 billion and spent $44 million on consultants to assist that sale. This causes localized accelerated/ severe coastal erosion and enormous environmental degradation and threat to coastal properties. Groynes dont accumulate sand, they just rearrange its location and some areas are eroded even more. Sand also builds up behind them but erosion occurs between them, so there is no net gain. This option works by adding more sand to reduce the wave energy by friction before it reaches the beach. This can be clearly seen along the length of the current seawall with the result that the beach and dunes are lost in that location. “The disruption to the program breaks down their whole social network – they don’t see their mates, they don’t get to play with them or tell each other ‘hey did you see that wave?’. But thats not the end of the disadvantages of seawalls. Miramar Beach parallels Mirada Road in the Miramar neighborhood in Half Moon Bay. This change is a 7% increase over five years. Initial nourishment has been costed at between $5.2 and $14.5 million. Adelaide beaches – eroding & protected by seawalls & nourishment, Photo by Andrew Short. The problem with all these hard structure solutions is that they do not create any extra sand, they just redistribute it or accelerate its loss. Sand nourishment requires adding new sand to the beach from onshore or offshore sources, equal to or coarser than the existing sand. So where does Waikiki Beach’s sand come from? As discussed in the following paragraphs, a substantial amount of information exists on coastal erosion in California. The problem has become so bad - the local childcare centre has been forced to close. Stockton surfers learnt that their nearshore sand banks lost 2-3 m of sand height just between 1957 and 1995. Beach erosion is the Governor Macquarie commenced a breakwater to link it to the mainland in 1818. Several EPA programs work to prevent pollution f… Stockton, on the north side of Newcastle Harbour, is one of the largest beaches in NSW but surprisingly has a serious coastal erosion problem. These bars contained large volumes of sand, deposited in the ocean by waves and the falling tide as it flowed out the entrance channel. Previous studies at Stockton have shown that the northward movement of sand is around 30,000 m3 per year, starting around the seawall and increasing to the north. This is especially evident on sandy landforms such as beaches, dunes, and intermittently closed and open lagoon entrances. This is beyond the budget of Newcastle Council alone. But Stockton did not always have a beach erosion problem. The major sediment sources for the beaches of southern California are eroding headlands and adjacent beaches and, to some degree, sediment from local rivers in flood. Hard structures remove the amenity of the beach and do not protect the beach itself. The beach is eroding, in large part, because they (Pattaya govt. In an area such as Stockton, deposits are made when more sand comes in than goes out, and withdrawals occur when you lose more sand than you gain. Dunes provide habitat for highly specialized plants and animals, including rare and endangered species.They can protect beaches from erosion and recruit sand to eroded beaches. Beach nourishment (also referred to as beach renourishment, beach replenishment, or sand replenishment) describes a process by which sediment, usually sand, lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources. The first is onshore/offshore transport, when sand either erodes seaward off the beach to deeper water, or deposits from deeper water back onto the beach. Coal exports through the Port of Newcastle totalled $15.3 billion value in 2016 generating windfall royalty payments for the NSW Government, and the Port continues to make a healthy profit. Caption: The reflection and end erosion issues with the seawall. Ultimately, a beach erodes because the supply of sand to the beach can not keep up with the loss of sand to the sea. Collaroy Beach on Sydney’s northern beaches is a classic example of inappropriate planning and shoreline subdivision that took place more than 100 years ago. Stockton University is ranked among the top public universities in the Northeast with more than 160 undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as continuing education opportunities.. Offshore sand nourishment is currently being successfully used to prevent erosion on Queenslands Gold Coast. Sand also builds up behind them but erosion occurs between them, so there is no net gain. Pollution of coastal environments limits our ability to use beaches for economic, recreational and aesthetic purposes. The sand bar on the Stockton side had so much sand, that at low water a tall person standing on it could have had their head above water around 1000m seaward of todays War Memorial on the beach at south Stockton. This plan unfortunately contains no short to medium term solution for the Stockton erosion problem, recommending yet more studies, and decisions postponed until later completion of a second Coastal Management Plan. The northern source is sand that has already been transported from south Stockton, while the offshore lobe and harbour entrance has sand that should have been transported to Stockton if the breakwaters did not prevent it. And when the foul weather abates, smaller waves and weaker winds restore the berms. Older Stockton residents remember the worst erosion of the late 1940s to early 1950s when parts of Dalby Oval were lost. It seems likely that a further extension in front of the Mission Australia Centre may be proposed as a solution to the latest crises, and this has been suggested at public meetings. “Devastating” erosion at Newcastle’s Stockton beach has put the future of surfing and surf live saving in jeopardy, as anxious residents await further damaging swells at the end of the week. Political campaign and policies material. Most sand is transported from inland via rivers and streams. All programs at the life saving club have been halted, but Forsyth said the effect was worst on its junior program. This northward movement is the main reason for Stocktons beach erosion. Forsyth warned that continued erosion affected more than just leisure activities. “We’re more vulnerable to disasters now – the storm that happened over the weekend wasn’t big but the impact was huge. While these costs are large in absolute terms, they are small in relative terms. But like all hard structures, there are serious disadvantages. Older residents will remember the extension of Mitchell Street north in front of the Mission Australia Centre that joined up to Griffith Avenue, the circular road around the beach side of the War Memorial, and the fourth sewage pond that all disappeared during this period. Because the waves break offshore there are none near the beach, so fishermen and surfers would not benefit from this option. The only alternative left to save the beach, and the one with the best chance of success is sand nourishment. A lot of onshore/offshore movement is seasonal or cyclical and is driven by climate. When a storm comes, they stop the surge from pushing too far inland. Sign up to receive our Breaking News Alerts and Editor's Daily Headlines featuring the best local news and stories. As a result, there is not much sand on the south coast around Batemans Bay, but lots in the north in places like Fraser Island. More than 50 percent of Another potential erosion hotspot may develop north of the shorter surf club seawall at Dalby Oval. The northern source is sand that has already been transported from south Stockton, while the offshore lobe and harbour entrance has sand that should have been transported to Stockton if the breakwaters did not prevent it. The 50m-wide North Stockton fourth sewage pond situated next to the ocean was lost after 1974. In World War II it was fortified against a possible attack by Imperial Japanese forces. The future of Stockton’s eroding coastline is a step closer to being decided, with council set to vote to adopt the Stockton Coastal Management Program on Tuesday night. Please note: All comments made or shown here are bound by the Deposits are made if we get longer periods of fine weather with small waves and lower tides. While these costs are large in absolute terms, they are small in relative terms. The Cronulla sand dunes, also known officially as the Cronulla Sand Dune and Wanda Beach Coastal Landscape, are a heritage-listed former sand mining, film making, pastoral property and visitor attraction and now nature conservation, open space and visitor attraction located on the Kurnell Peninsula at Lindum Road, Kurnell in the Sutherland Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. Groynes are rock structures placed perpendicular to the beach to trap the longshore flow of sand. In simple terms, beach erosion is the loss of sand from a beach. This is the case in many places in NSW such as the Tweed River mouth, where the northward flow of sand was interrupted by construction of breakwaters in 1965 and the beaches of the Gold Coast then all eroded in the late 1960s. It should be clear from the list of disadvantages above, that extending seawalls is not a viable solution to retain a beach that can actually be used. The headland would act as a single large groyne extending 270 m offshore to depths of over 9 m to prevent sand moving around it. “It’s heartbreaking, it really is – the state government is not too proactive,” he said. The Stockton Beach shoreline is eroding at a rapid pace due to recent storms Lord Mayor Nuatali Nelmes has asked for a natural disaster to be declared By … At Stockton this would move the problem north to Griffith Avenue and up to Corroba Oval. This occurs because sand behind the seawall cannot be accessed during an erosion event and has to be sourced from the beach adjacent to the seawall. Deposits are made if we get longer periods of fine weather with small waves and lower tides. This can make coastlines hazardous areas for development. Study shows Hawaii beaches are eroding at alarming rate. It is a direct result of NSW Government actions whose scale and value far exceed those in other locations. The current artificial channel is now more than twice as deep as it was in the 19th century, and at 150 m, is much wider too. Forsyth said the beach deserved as much consideration as Newcastle’s port, and losing it was “totally inequitable”. In the early 1980s, the city of Miami spent some $65 million adding sand to a 10-mile stretch of fast-eroding shoreline. The council has put in sandbags as a temporary measure to mitigate erosion, with more damage expected at the beach in the coming days as the effects of cyclone Uesi are felt on the NSW coast. Previous studies at Stockton have shown that the northward movement of sand is around 30,000 m3 per year, starting around the seawall and increasing to the north. Beach erosion occurs if we get more big storm events than periods of fine weather, and if more sand moves north than is replaced from the south. At Stockton Beach, north of Newcastle, ... What the problem is, the coast is eroding, it happens all over the world. Eroding beaches also mean less habitat for species of animals and plants that are dependent upon the dunes and beaches. The filling from this pie is also missing? The essence and signature feature of the Stockton community is its beach and the community deserve it to be returned to its former amenity. UNIVERSITY of Newcastle Professors Ron Boyd explains the science behind the erosion at Stockton Beach and gives his opinion on the best way to solve it. The most obvious solution, used extensively by Newcastle Council is building seawalls. So why is Happisburgh going The beach that lost some 20,000 cubic metres of sand to large swells last year has been battered again. This northward movement is the main reason for Stocktons beach erosion. It is not a regional NSW beach erosion or climate change issue. officials) decided to cut down all of the shade (lom) trees that were holding the sand in and preventing erosion. It can ruin the perfect beach day. The first is onshore/offshore transport, when sand either erodes seaward off the beach to deeper water, or deposits from deeper water back onto the beach. In an area such as Stockton, deposits are made when more sand comes in than goes out, and withdrawals occur when you lose more sand than you gain. being able to log in or subscribe. The 50m-wide North Stockton fourth sewage pond situated next to the ocean was lost after 1974. A final alternative, Planned Retreat is not an option for Stockton with infrastructure like the Newcastle Council caravan park, Lexies Cafe, the surf club buildings, tennis courts, Mission Australia Centre, houses along Mitchell Street, Barrie Crescent, Eames Avenue and the road into Stockton (Fullerton Street) requiring preservation. However, human activities can also strongly influence the propensity of landforms to erode. The seawall requires ongoing maintenance to prevent it being damaged (estimate for 2018-19 work is around $3.5m), and the lifespan of the current seawall will eventually end. There are growing calls for action to stop the erosion of Stockton Beach. The seawall requires ongoing maintenance to prevent it being damaged (estimate for 2018-19 work is around $3.5m), and the lifespan of the current seawall will eventually end. One option to solve the Stockton beach erosion problem is to extend the seawalls until they eventually stretch from the breakwater to Corroba Oval. Sand dune stabilization is a Coastal management practice designed to prevent erosion of sand dunes. The ongoing beach erosion since the 1980s has seen the construction of the seawall from Pembroke to Stone Street in 1989, and the sandbag wall at the surf club in 1996. About 7,400 cubic metres of sand is due to be imported to the beach in stage two of the Newcastle Coastal Management Program. STOCKTON residents and supporters of the peninsula's beach railled on Sunday to express their frustration and demand action to the rapidly-worsening erosion crisis. These dominant southeast waves then move sand up the beach to the north towards Port Stephens. The problem with all these hard structure solutions is that they do not create any extra sand, they just redistribute it or accelerate its loss. In 2017 a new seawall was installed in front of the surf club, and in 2018 a short extension of the seawall north towards the Mission Australia day care is underway. Los Angeles San Francisco Seattle San Diego New York Bellevue Portland Bellingham Vancouver Tacoma Las Vegas Phoenix Arlington Houston Chicago Schaumburg Austin Olympia San Jose Everett San Antonio Kirkland Redmond Boston Kent Washington Santa Monica Fort Worth Chandler Issaquah Tampa Dallas Joliet Federal Way Spokane Indianapolis Charlotte Beaverton Virginia Beach Woodridge Atlanta … These agencies include the NSW Government, the Federal Government, Newcastle Port leaseholders and users, and NCC. The BBCS conducted beach profile studies and concluded that from 1989 to 1993 the amount of eroding shoreline in Florida increased from 332 to 356 miles. This occurs when waves approach the beach at an angle and transport the sand in the same direction that the wave is travelling. Yes, erosion at Stockton Beach is far worse than at Newcastle Beach. They may also provide a better recreational surfing resource. Any sand accumulating on the southern side could be periodically removed back to south Stockton, but erosion would likely occur on the northern side. That cliff wasn't there last summer! Periods of storms and fine weather tend to cancel each other out over the long term, but if we interrupt the flow of longshore drift, there is no new sand coming in from the south to replace that being lost to the north. The same thing is happening at Stockton where the Newcastle breakwaters stop the flow of sand from Nobbys Beach around to Stockton. Why nourish? This problem is specific to Newcastle. During the last half century, innumerable studies of the Stockton Beach erosion problem have been undertaken. Periods of storms and fine weather tend to cancel each other out over the long term, but if we interrupt the flow of longshore drift, there is no new sand coming in from the south to replace that being lost to the north. It is 32 km long and stretches from Stockton, to Anna Bay. The smaller Stockton breakwater was built in 1886, and the longer 1136 m Stockton breakwater completed in 1912. “The beach is a huge part of why some people choose to live in Stockton and to lose that is really concerning.” Stockton beach erosion, Newcastle. Sand then moves onto the beach and accumulates, typically in summer with more northeast winds and waves. But with the beach gone, we’re exposed.”. Stockton Beach is not the only thing eroding in Stockton!! The latest 2018 erosion events have become more critical. Sand dune stabilization is a Coastal management practice designed to prevent erosion of sand dunes. Stockton beach was significantly affected on Monday, with “dunes eroded back several metres, leaving caravan park teetering on the edge”, Harley wrote on Twitter. Sidmouth’s crumbling cliffs at East Beach and Pennington Point are among areas that new research by Plymouth University on coastal change has predicted will … On the Stockton side, we have learned that there has been an astonishing loss of over 10 million cubic metres of sand since 1816 at an average rate of 41,000 cubic metres per year. Originally, Nobbys was an island, and there was no beach at Nobbys. This depth was increased to 8.4 m by 1950; 11.6 m by 1964; 15.2 m by 1983, and now 18 m deep. These deposits comprise terrestrial sediment delivered to the coast by rivers, sediment produced by the erosion of coastal landforms by waves, and marine sediment that has been reworked from offshore deposits onto the coast. Older residents will remember the extension of Mitchell Street north in front of the Mission Australia Centre that joined up to Griffith Avenue, the circular road around the beach side of the War Memorial, and the fourth sewage pond that all disappeared during this period. They work by making waves break offshore, reducing the energy on the beach behind them. Beach erosion leaves Newcastle cabins at risk Beaches may face growing risk from climate change-related storms 4WD owners urged to take care on eroded Stockton beach The mine shaft that was exposed in the surf during September 2017, was originally 110m behind the shoreline in 1895. Waves Effect on Erosion. Other hard structure solutions that have been proposed for Stockton include groynes, offshore breakwaters and artificial reefs. Seaward movement results from big waves such as in the Sygna or Pasha Bulker storms combined with high tides. They say, over time, they’ve lost 50 feet of beach … Of the three islands, Maui beaches experienced the highest rates and greatest extent of beach erosion with 85% of beaches eroding. It will need to be replenished occasionally, just as the harbour requires maintenance dredging. The damming of most waterways in the US has thus prevented a major supply of sand from getting to our beaches. While the erosion is cyclic, the cycles are superimposed on a downward linear trend with little sand volume now available for natural rebuilding. On a narrow or nonexistent beach, birds have no place to nest or feed. Net northward movement is the case for all of the NSW coast. Beach Erosion. NSW Labor leader Jodi McKay said Stockton Beach was the most significant erosion crisis along the New South Wales coast and the Government was failing to take the situation seriously. But thats not the end of the disadvantages of seawalls. A typical temporary solution for this is to dump more rocks at the end of the wall, but this just moves the problem further north along the beach. We have seen this already in the addition of the short seawall from Lexies Café to the surf club, and the recent extension at the northern end off Stone Street. But Stockton did not always have a beach erosion problem. These bars contained large volumes of sand, deposited in the ocean by waves and the falling tide as it flowed out the entrance channel. Online Discussion Terms & Conditions. “It’s OK for the older generation who know how to swim and have established themselves in life, but with the kids we’re losing an entire generation,” Forsyth said. Surfers remember the beach growth of the 1960s when a beach backed by wide dunes and vegetation existed seaward of Mitchell Street between the War Memorial and Corroba Oval. The essence and signature feature of the Stockton community is its beach and the community deserve it to be returned to its former amenity. Once it becomes undermined and steepened, as at the northern end of the current seawall, it becomes a safety hazard. Another historical indication of the sand once present on the beach is the old mine workings near the Mission Australia Early Learning Centre. Offshore breakwaters are rock structures that are placed parallel to the beach and a few hundred metres offshore. The beach had already lost 19,900 cubic metres of sand to large swells in August and September, resulting in the demolition of a beachside childcare centre. Groynes are not a suitable solution for Stockton Beach in its present condition as there is not enough drifting sand to trap, and no sand source to the south. The erosion scarp is now less than one metre from the Mission Australia day care playground, and has already eaten into the old council rubbish dump on Hunter Water and Crown land to the north. The seabed has lowered by 4-12 m. Stockton surfers learnt that their nearshore sand banks lost 2-3 m of sand height just between 1957 and 1995. One option to solve the Stockton beach erosion problem is to extend the seawalls until they eventually stretch from the breakwater to Corroba Oval. In fact quite the opposite. eroding beach, and those nests are more susceptible to predators. Understanding and combating beach erosion can be a complex issue. Wherever they end, erosion is concentrated and accelerated. Continuing delay in fixing the problem is unacceptable. Large sand cliffs line parts of what once was Stockton Beach. This can be thought of as a budget, and similar to a bank account. Yes, erosion at Stockton Beach is far worse than at Newcastle Beach. Artificial reefs are shallow banks made of rocks, bags or tyres that are constructed in the surf zone. Once the beach is lost in front of a seawall, it becomes dangerous to access what is left of the beach. This problem is specific to Newcastle. /images/transform/v1/crop/frm/324VkdtvqnBSp7aYw6KyqmM/68c3f06b-8d63-429b-b5a2-0f528b9546c8.jpg/r0_192_4857_2936_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg, Newcastle Herald's trusted source for property, SHARK SHOCK: Residents speak of horror as defiant locals return to water, A-League: Jets fight hard to upset Wellington and earn first win of the season, Pandemic delays opening of Nihon University campus, 'I was a shark sceptic', shocked resident says after attack, 'This is a whole different level': Best buds hit big school, W-League: Watch the goals as Jets make statement in rout of Wanderers. Originally, Nobbys was an island, and there was no beach at Nobbys. The shade trees they cut down have a massive and intricate root system and grow well in sandy soil. Skip to content. Caption: Longshore drift and comparison of Stockton with Nobbys. Residents from the Leonardo Arms condominiums on the south end of the island are concerned about the beach erosion they are witnessing behind their complex. Das Hotel Shore Club South Beach ist ein 4-Sterne-Hotel (Veranstalterkategorie) in Miami Beach, Florida, Atlantikküste Miami. Stockton Beach is located north of the Hunter River in New South Wales, Australia. This can be clearly seen along the length of the current seawall with the result that the beach and dunes are lost in that location. RELATED CONTENT: Again this is seen at Stockton where the worst erosion is north of the seawall in front of the Mission Australia Centre. Your ad blocker may be preventing you from There have been a range of solutions to the Stockton beach erosion problem proposed, and many of these include hard structures. You're running toward your favorite swimming spot at top speed, when SPLAT! Another historical indication of the sand once present on the beach is the old mine workings near the Mission Australia Early Learning Centre. This concentrated zone of erosion is now the location of the larger seawall. This problem has been an ongoing and unresolved issue for more than 60 years. Early maps of Stockton and the Hunter River entrance from 1866 and 1887 show a typical NSW tidal inlet with 6m deep, 90m wide channels, and extensive sand bars on the northern side. It has all the bad features of artificial structures like breakwaters, offshore breakwaters and groynes. Sand builds up on the updrift side of a groyne, but erosion occurs on the downdrift side. Coal exports through the Port of Newcastle totalled $15.3 billion value in 2016 generating windfall royalty payments for the NSW Government, and the Port continues to make a healthy profit. Keep up-to-date with all the local news - sign up here. “With high seas forecast again this weekend, the City carried out emergency sandbag work … on the northern end of the seawall in front of Stockton surf life saving club at Dalby oval, the southern section of the seawall at the Lexie’s accessway and at the southern end of the Mitchell Street seawall near Pembroke Street,” a city council spokesperson said. The Oyster Bank opposite Nobbys was less than 1 metre deep. Stockton Beach House is located: - 175 metres from the beach and from Stockton Surf Club; Initial nourishment has been costed at between $5.2 and $14.5 million. Esplanade Beach is below Esplanade Avenue in Pacifica, CA. Economic: America’s coast is a magnet for people who want to live and play on the beach. “Devastating” erosion at Newcastle’s Stockton beach has put the future of surfing and surf live saving in jeopardy, as anxious residents await further damaging swells at the end of the week. Governor Macquarie commenced a breakwater to link it to the mainland in 1818. At Stockton, the dominant direction of approaching waves is from the southeast (about 80%) and the rest from the northeast (20 per cent). “We’ve already had the storm last year and the sand that was put into the beach, as well as something shy of 10 million cubic metres of sand, is gone and I don’t think we’ll ever see that again.”. Keep up-to-date with all the local news - sign up here. But like all hard structures, there are serious disadvantages. The mine shaft that was exposed in the surf during September 2017, was originally 110m behind the shoreline in 1895. You go off a mini sand cliff, and fall flat on your face. Seawalls are much less visually attractive than the dunes and beach they replace. Ideally on coasts like NSW, any sand that is moved alongshore to the north is replaced in the budget by new sand coming in from the south. Lots of summer northeast waves can also send sand southward temporarily, but this is normally only a short term effect. Esplanade Beach. Stockton has lobbied for better sea defences in the area for many years, eventually securing £4million for improvements to the town’s Victorian-era sea defences. It also has Lexie's on the beach for coffee and meals. Offshore breakwaters are rock structures that are placed parallel to the beach and a few hundred metres offshore. UNIVERSITY of Newcastle Professors Ron Boyd explains the science behind the erosion at Stockton Beach and gives his opinion on the best way to solve it. Another potential erosion hotspot may develop north of the shorter surf club seawall at Dalby Oval. A crane has been brought in to move beachside cabins that were at risk of toppling into the sea after the weekend storms. Sand then moves onto the beach and accumulates, typically in summer with more northeast winds and waves. A seawall stops dune growth behind it, and increases wave reflection in front of it, raising the energy level of the beach and preventing accumulation of sand there. This depth was increased to 8.4 m by 1950; 11.6 m by 1964; 15.2 m by 1983, and now 18 m deep. The BBCS conducted beach profile studies and concluded that from 1989 to 1993 the amount of eroding shoreline in Florida increased from 332 to 356 miles. The 410,000m3 required could be scraped from Stockton Beach north from the Hunter Water lands, or dredged offshore from the sand lobe off Nobbys Beach or the entrance to Newcastle Harbour. This appears to be the default current solution adopted by Newcastle Council and is presented as part of Newcastle Councils 2014 Management Plan. 18 minute drive but like all hard structures, there are serious disadvantages cut down have a detrimental, effect... Ongoing urban development former amenity in 1895 until they eventually stretch from the 1970s to 1980s exceed those in locations... 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Cut down have a detrimental, scouring effect on sand that would naturally accumulate have more!... the city of Miami spent some $ 65 million adding sand to a bank account been.! In World War II it was fortified against a possible attack by Imperial Japanese forces ’ re Learning to challenges! Banks lost 2-3 m of sand mit 4,5 von 6,0 bewertet und hat eine Weiterempfehlungsrate 83... Pumping material from offshore, reducing the energy on the updrift side of a seawall, it really is the! May also provide a better recreational surfing resource and lower tides and to those who visit Stockton sturdy. Daily email newsletters and more eroded by waves scale and value far exceed in... Built was the 1989 version from Pembroke to Stone Street, followed by the 2017 version in of... Followed by the 2017 version in front of the current seawall, it protects properties. 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) why is stockton beach eroding maintained from 1915 a new zone.