ISSN: 0960-7722. Particular emphasis is placed on the crucial role cell proliferation plays in tissue repair following toxic injury. Some specific sites of the vascular tree, which have abundant VSMCs in the intima, are more susceptible to the development of atherosclerosis than others. 22% reduction of cell number and axis extension defects are phenocopied by chemical inhibition of cell proliferation starting at early gastrulation (Liu et al., 2017). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis denotes a combination of mesangial cell proliferation and basement membrane thickening. Cell proliferation is regulated by a coordinated entry into the cell cycle. The increased rate of B-cell proliferation was accompanied by increased secretion of antibody. Myc proteins are key regulators of mammalian cell proliferation. Shami et al. In a mechanistic study, Ertesvag et al. When Necl-5 is downregulated on the cell surface by trans-interaction with nectin-3 at cell–cell adhesion sites, sprouty2 that is released from Necl-5 is phosphorylated by c-Src, and then inhibits the PDGF-induced activation of Ras. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, such as LPS and CpG DNA, are multipotent mitogens that stimulate polyclonal B-cell proliferation via TLRs 4 and 9, respectively (Hoshino et al., 1999; Krieg et al., 1995). Additionally, whereas physiological levels of RA inhibited B-cell proliferation, RA at the same concentration also prevented spontaneous apoptosis of B lymphocytes (Lomo et al., 1998), further suggesting that although RA inhibits mature B-cell proliferation, it functions to maintain the functional B-cell pool, as required for an effective memory response. Overexpression of miR-17-92 cluster has been reported to shift the E2F transcriptional balance toward the proliferative network, resulting in accelerated cancer cell proliferation [20]. Production of reactive oxygen species and release of cytokines and other mitogenic factors offer an alternative and equally plausible explanation for the observation. Necls are involved in the interface between the growth factor signaling and the cell cycle. Understanding cell health is critical when assessing the outcomes of any cell … Conversely, cell proliferation during gastrulation appears largely dispensable for axis elongation, as evidenced by predominantly normal body elongation in the zebrafish early mitotic regulator, emi, mutants in which mitosis ceases from early gastrulation, and in embryos where cell proliferation is chemically inhibited during gastrulation (Quesada-Hernandez et al., 2010; Zhang, Kendrick, Julich, & Holley, 2008). Cell proliferation and gastrulation movements must be coordinated. The prototypical and most often studied antigen for CD1d is alpha-galactosylceramide, a lipid extracted from a marine sponge; however, endogenous glycolipid antigens of mammalian cells also activate CD1d (Zhou et al., 2004). Proliferation, however, is rarely assayed in isolation; other cell function probes are often used in concert with proliferation assays to provide a more informative picture of the state of the cell. Cell proliferation is the hallmark of an inflamed glomerulus, termed glomerulonephritis, and is sometimes seen following treatment with immunosuppressive agents, especially if an infectious process followed the treatment. This provides for a quantitative way to monitor cells that are proliferating. This was most noticeable in studies in which animals inhaled dusts or received intratracheal instillations of particulate matter (Brightwell et al. The engagement of BCR serves as a primary stimulus but, in addition, several costimulatory molecules or accessory receptors, such as CD38, CD40, and CD19, can directly stimulate B-cell proliferation or reduce the threshold of B-cell activation by antigens (Barrington et al., 2009; Chen and Ross, 2005, 2007). A negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway may also contribute to the inhibitory effect of RA on cell proliferation, as NF-κB family members play major roles in controlling B-cell development and proliferation (Chen et al., 2002; Siebenlist et al., 2005). For example, miR-221/222, the common upregulated miRNAs in tumors, promotes cell proliferation via targeting the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 in glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and other tumors [21–23]. Studies of a B-lymphoid cell line in culture have also demonstrated that RA suppresses proliferation by blocking the ionized calcium channel, which mediates the early calcium response after BCR ligation (Bosma and Sidell, 1988). In contrast to the inhibitory effect of RA on B-cell proliferation stimulated by BCR ligation and LPS as discussed above, RA increased the proliferation of memory B cells when B cells were stimulated with CpG DNA, which induces cell activation through TLR9 (Ertesvag et al., 2007). Their research is supported through funding from the BBSRC, MRC, CRUK and a number of disease-specific charities and industrial partners. For normal organ, tissue and body development and function, then proper (or normal) spatio-temporal regulation of general cell proliferation is required. Crescents represent sites of adhesion between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule. The mechanisms of normal cell proliferation, as well as the pathologic consequences occurring when the system malfunctions, are critical to many areas of medicine, from embryogenesis, to tissue repair, to oncogenesis. Kanwar Nasir M. Khan, ... Carl L. Alden, in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), 2013. Nrf2 is also able to regulate genes involved in metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids (Kitteringham et al., 2010). If neutrophils are increased within the tuft, the process is designated intracapillary proliferative or exudative glomerulonephritis. Although for some time type II epithelial cell proliferation was practically equated with direct lung injury, it was soon noted in several studies that both alveolar and airway epithelial cells would show signs of increased proliferation rates even when no obvious signs of acute cell damage were observed. Cell proliferation is regulated by growth factors which transduce signals to promote entry into the cell cycle. We also have also observed that RA increases the proliferation of purified murine spleen B cells stimulated by α-galactosylceramide, a ligand for the CD1d receptor, which was correlated with B-cell differentiation, evidenced by sIgG1 and CD138 expression (Q. Chen, unpublished data), while at the same time RA reduced the proliferation of identical B cells stimulated by LPS. Each of these morphologic types suggests different disease syndromes when occurring in human medicine. RA plays various roles to regulate B-cell activation and differentiation through its influences on these intrinsic signaling systems. It was established in 1968 as Cell and Tissue Kinetics, obtaining its current title in 1991. As mentioned above, embryonic cells are both building blocks and effectors of gastrulation movements. This process is an obligated step during any remodeling or regeneration of tissues. In response to injury, quiescent VSMCs transform to a proliferative phenotype and subsequently migrate from media to the intima. Further studies are needed to better define whether it is the stage of B-cell activation per se (naïve or memory) or the stimulus itself, or both, that determines whether RA promotes or inhibits B-cell cycling and proliferation. Necl-5 also enhances the PDGF-induced activation of the Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway and consequently upregulates cyclins D2 and E and downregulates p27Kip1 (Hirota, Irie, Okamoto, Ikeda, & Takai, 2005). Treatment of SMCs isolated from porcine coronary artery with PPARα ligand WY14643 blocks mitogen-stimulated DNA synthesis, thereby leading to inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in vitro [110]. Severe tuft inflammation may lead to proliferation of mesangial and epithelial cells, with formation of crescents (thus, crescentic glomerulonephritis). L. Fajas-Coll, ... P.-D. Denechaud, in Pathobiology of Human Disease, 2014. Cell proliferation and migration are developmental events critical for assembly of the mature pancreatic islet. It is published by John Wiley & Sons and the editor-in-chief is Q. Zhou (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Recently, it has been shown that a group of glycolipid antigens can stimulate B-cell proliferation through the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, present on certain B cells (Brigl and Brenner, 2010; Lang et al., 2008), as well as myeloid cells. Cell Proliferation is an open access journal devoted to studies into all aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation in normal and abnormal states; control systems and mechanisms operating at inter- and intracellular, molecular and genetic levels; modification by and interactions with chemical and physical agents; mathematical modelling; and the development of new techniques. Nrf2 regulates both genes involved in GSH synthesis and PPP genes needed for the formation of NADPH, the main reducing agent of GSH (Lu, 2009). Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) is an example of exudative glomerulonephritis which can stem from an immunomodulatory phenomenon. These cells were incubated with 20 μL BrdU-labeling solution 16 h prior to the end of 72 h 1 U/mL EPO treatment. Production of reactive oxygen species and release of cytokines and other mitogenic factors offer an alternative and equally plausible explanation for the observation. Studies of a B-lymphoid cell line in culture have also demonstrated that RA suppresses proliferation by blocking the ionized calcium channel, which mediates the early calcium response after BCR ligation (Bosma and Sidell, 1988). The authors sought for miRNAs and found that Nrf2 is able to attenuate miR-1 and miR-206 expression, which in turn leads to increased expression of PPP genes (Singh et al., 2013). Cell proliferation assays are widely used and accepted in oncology drug discovery as an initial test for the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer agents. It was shown later that in cancer cells, Nrf2 promotes the generation of building blocks for macromolecule synthesis and cancer cell proliferation by either directly or indirectly regulating genes involved in GSH biosynthesis and recycling, NADPH production, and PPP activation (Mitsuishi et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2013). A negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway may also contribute to the inhibitory effect of RA on cell proliferation, as NF-κB family members play major roles in controlling B-cell development and proliferation (Chen et al., 2002; Siebenlist et al., 2005). Taken together, PPARα is a potent inhibitor of VSMC proliferation and migration both in vivo and in vitro, and its agonists may have potential therapeutic application in preventing restenosis via either systemic administration or stent coating. In 1978, Evans et al. It has been known for a long time that type I epithelial cells were particularly vulnerable to injury. Kenji Mandai, ... Yoshimi Takai, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2015. In another study, increased PPARα activity prevents G1-to-S phase transition in VSMCs through upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor p16INK4a, and antagonizes VSMC growth in vivo [111]. In contrast, in anaerobic conditions, glycolysis is favored, majority of the resulting pyruvate is converted to lactate, and only a small amount of pyruvate enters TCA cycle. 1980), injection or ingestion of urethane (Kauffman 1972, 1976), unilateral pneumonectomy (Fisher and Simnett 1973), or simple collapse of one lung (Simnett 1974), have all been shown to stimulate cell proliferation in the adult lung, as does a mechanical stimulus, such as a stretch in fetal lung explants (Liu et al. This was most noticeable in studies in which animals inhaled dusts or received intratracheal instillations of particulate matter (Brightwell et al. Interestingly, most of the cell proliferation processes are accompanied by an adapted metabolic response. Mitosis is the main way for eukaryotes to divide cells, such as multicellular organisms in a mitotic way to increase the number of somatic cells. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Crescents represent sites of adhesion between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule. 1980), injection or ingestion of urethane (Kauffman 1972, 1976), unilateral pneumonectomy (Fisher and Simnett 1973), or simple collapse of one lung (Simnett 1974), have all been shown to stimulate cell proliferation in the adult lung, as does a mechanical stimulus, such as a stretch in fetal lung explants (Liu et al. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding how Myc stimulates cell proliferation and how this might contribute to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. L.S. Cell cycle progression relies on different cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their inhibitors such as p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, whose expression are extensively regulated by miRNAs. As a result, a formazan dye that can change the color of the growth medium is formed. *While cell proliferation is essential for normal growth and development, it's worth noti… Cu-induced click chemistry allows rapid attachment of fluorescent probes to the EdU. Thus, this system is at least one of the mechanisms underlying contact inhibition of cell proliferation. Hanna M. Leinonen, ... Anna-Liisa Levonen, in Advances in Cancer Research, 2014. In contrast to fish or frog embryos, mouse and human embryos initiate gastrulation with just a few hundred cells and undergo dramatic growth during the course of gastrulation (McDole et al., 2018). Nevertheless, this cell population is not capable of cell division (Weibel 1974) and must be replaced. Shami et al. These contrasting results imply that RA affects B-cell proliferation differentially, in a manner that depends on the B-cell subpopulation as well as the stimulus. This inhibition further suppresses de novo synthesis of Necl-5. In this article, we describe how proteins and factors that control cell cycle progression regulate at the same time the required metabolic changes. A question that seems to remain largely unanswered is to what extent cell proliferation occurs in the lung as a result of programmed or apoptotic cell death. 1982a,b, 1985; Wright 1986). We will focus here on the description of the coordinated metabolic and proliferative responses involving cell cycle progression during the processes of adipose tissue remodeling, pancreas regeneration and function, muscle and liver regeneration, and cardiac hypertrophy development. Moreover, WY14643 also attenuates SMC migration likely through reduced production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which is known to cause the aberrant movement of SMCs in atherosclerotic lesions [110]. Subsequently, cells were incubated with BrdU detection antibody for 1 h and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 min. Cell proliferation plays a critical role in restructuring a normal alveolo-capillary septum following injury to the epithelial and endothelial cells of the air–blood barrier. Thus, this system is at least one of the mechanisms underlying contact inhibition of cell proliferation. Examining the reproducibility of ki67 scoring on an international level, Polley and coworkers noted laboratories displayed a high intrareproducibility yet a low interreproducibility.92 They noted issues such as tumor region selection, counting method as well as subjective assessment of staining as factors in the differential scoring. Cell proliferation – the increase in cell numbers resulting from cell division – is a complex, tightly controlled, well-defined process. The traditional method for assaying cell proliferation is to measure DNA synthesis by assessing the incorporation of a labeled DNA analog or precursor (5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU), an analog of pyrimidine which gets incorporated it to new DNA in the place of thymidine, or [3H]-thymidine) into the genomic DNA of cells during S phase of the cell cycle. In general, basal cells, Clara cells, and type II cells are progenitor cells for their respective regions in the lung REF. This article describes the normal process of cell division, including the cells involved, the normal series of steps that take places, and the growth factors and cytokines that mediate the process. Yong Peng, ... Lei Zhu, in Nutritional Epigenomics, 2019. G2 Phase – Separates the end of the S Phase and the beginning of P Phase Phase S, G2, and M have fixed durations Variation found in G1 Phase Cell cycle checkpoints permit progression to next phase (summa cum laude) from … Zebrafish stat3, encoding a known promoter of cell division, is both maternally and zygotically expressed (Liu et al., 2017). The key difference between cell proliferation and differentiation is that cell proliferation is the process of increasing the cell number while cell differentiation is the process of forming a variety of cell types that have specific functions.. Fertilization is the act that produces a diploid zygote from the fusion of male gamete with a female gamete during sexual reproduction. Cell proliferation is required in embryogenesis, as well as in growth and proper function of several adult tissues, whereas aberrant cell proliferation is another hallmark of cancer (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2011). In addition, Nrf2−/− cells are significantly less proliferative. Furthermore, Necl-5 interacts with sprouty2, which prevents it from being tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Src (Kajita, Ikeda, Tamaru, & Takai, 2007). In general, basal cells, Clara cells, and type II cells are progenitor cells for their respective regions in the lung REF. Cell proliferation plays a critical role in restructuring a normal alveolo-capillary septum following injury to the epithelial and endothelial cells of the air–blood barrier. Cell proliferation leads to an exponential increase in cell number and is therefore a rapid mechanism of tissue growth.Cell proliferation requires both cell growth and cell division to occur at the same time, such that the average size of cells remains constant in the population. Fluorescent probes fused to proteins subject to ubiquitin-mediated degradation at particular parts of the cell cycle provide a real-time read-out of the cell-cycle phase in living cells (Sakaue-Sawano et al., 2008). Supplementation with thermally oxidized fat leads to a marked increase in PPARα expression, accompanied by a significant decrease in smooth muscle α-actin in the atherosclerotic plaques of mouse aortic root, suggesting that upregulation of PPARα may play an important role in thermally oxidized fat-related atheroprotection by suppressing SMC proliferation and migration [109]. Cell Proliferation Impact Factor, IF, number of article, detailed information and journal factor. 1992, 1993). For instance, miR-486 is reported to inhibit cell proliferation and migration by affecting insulin growth receptor (IGF) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer [25]. The main difference between cell proliferation and cell differentiation is that the cell proliferation is the process which increases the cell number whereas the cell differentiation is the process which alters the morphology and function of cells. B-cells proliferation can be triggered in vitro in multiple ways. The proliferation and fate decisions of these cells are highly regulated by their microenvironment, including the basement membrane and underlying mesenchymal cells. In murine naïve B cells stimulated with anti-μ to initiate BCR signaling and with anti-CD38 for ligation of the CD38 molecule on the surface of B cells, proliferation was reduced in the population as a whole, but a group of larger sized, less cycling, and more differentiated B cells emerged over time, and these cells expressed more surface(s) Ig, indicative of enhanced progression toward becoming antibody-secreting PCs (Chen and Ross, 2005). In contrast to the inhibitory effect of RA on B-cell proliferation stimulated by BCR ligation and LPS as discussed above, RA increased the proliferation of memory B cells when B cells were stimulated with CpG DNA, which induces cell activation through TLR9 (Ertesvag et al., 2007). Naderi and Blomhoff (1999) showed that the reduction in B-cell proliferation in normal human peripheral B cells was preceded by cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by the altered expression of several cell cycle regulatory factors. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Although at one time this was attributed to the fact that they apparently had a particularly organelle-poor cytoplasm, this notion can no longer be upheld (Harris et al. Given that cell proliferation involves an increase in the number of cells, the number of cells present during this process is measured as a function of time. 1977; Hackett 1983; Rajini et al. Cell Proliferation is a bimonthly open-access online-only scientific journal covering cell biology. Shyh-Chang Ng is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Stem Cell & Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Recently, it has been shown that a group of glycolipid antigens can stimulate B-cell proliferation through the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, present on certain B cells (Brigl and Brenner, 2010; Lang et al., 2008), as well as myeloid cells. You can read the absorbance of a dye-containing medium with a low-profile or high-profile spectrophotometer and a microplate reader to mea… Dimitrios Tsiapalis, ... Dimitrios I. Zeugolis, in Methods in Cell Biology, 2020. In addition, the relationship between cell division orientation and axis elongation in zebrafish remains unresolved. There are ten research groups working in the area of cell proliferation and differentiation. 1982a,b, 1985; Wright 1986). Therefore, Nrf2 promotes oncogene-initiated carcinogenesis and proliferation (DeNicola et al., 2011). Basal progenitors give rise to differentiated progeny that generate the epidermal barrier. The expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), transketolase (TKT), transaldolase (TALDO1), phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1), and malic enzyme 1 (ME1) was decreased when Nrf2 overexpressing A549 lung cancer cells were treated with siNrf2 (Mitsuishi et al., 2012). , this partial rescue of cell proliferation ( Christofori, 2003 ; Kim & Bar-Sagi, 2004 ) is. At a given time point types suggests different Disease syndromes when occurring in human tenocyte.... Cell health, genotoxicity, and regeneration of tissues this product takes the place of RI-labeled nucleoside, and were! To a proliferative response in the lung REF phenotype and subsequently migrate from media to the epithelial endothelial! Nobelprize.Organd complete the control of the neointimal hyperplasia of an abnormal number cells... 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