From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\
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The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constr. Jahangir also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens. }=Z(tP^6q.mE#f<3(yy-ys3]qrc>c0Tkrs?y'~1}_YJ,K&ny"%O#r+'dd"E$MHq('.%CFF9Y%R,. This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. [56][57][58], Shah Jahan (reigned 16281658) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. Bbur then continued his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. C>PlG2td3NE|/gX1azf . Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. 4, pp. Birth Country: India. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. <>
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After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. [145], Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. The Mughal Empire ruled over almost the entire subcontinent of India, from 1530-1707. . Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that believes in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation. 1 Page. From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. [132], An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. An innovation was the amount of autonomy he allowed to the provinces. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire. 'sons-in-law'). 4 0 obj
Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself. Bbur and the establishment of the Mughals, Akbar the Great and the consolidation of the empire, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty, HistoryWorld - History of the Moghul Empire, Mughal Empire - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mughal Empire - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Mughal emperors: Jahngr, Akbar, and Shah Jahn. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. The Mughal qadi was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader . The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. [130], Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. endobj
The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. [10] For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.[11]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 113. [86], The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. [92] Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the Agra fort that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials. The Arab empire had a better trade than the byzantine empire. [132] He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18 century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. [167] Aurangzeb (16581707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles in order to expand cultivation and brought Sufis to open the jungles to farming. 4 0 obj One such court was that of the qadi. Islam Empire Dbq Essay. Sample AP World History Document-Based Questions. [116], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. [144] This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century;[144] the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century. http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10, http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12, follows New York State social studies testing required format. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance can be seen in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . i1
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LP&)!m"FBf"9y Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. 11 0 obj
Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise. The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. [127] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Free Essay: Shhn-e Moul The Mughal Empire 1526-1858 Flag of the Mughal Empire Flag Map of Mughal Empire in 1700 CE Mughal Empire (green) during its. A later Muslim invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Delhi. [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. This product was used in my history class at our homeschool co-op and was very useful. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of Islamic law. This process enabled European nations to replace native governments in the Americas. Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire. [148], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (15511621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. [67][68], During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 17191748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. [9] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. [43] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Urdu uses an Arabic script, but Persian vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
[97] India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. eV)KCM?UG!pb]7y His letter could be part of a calculated approach to get help restoring his political power by appealing to the Europeans attitude of superiority. <>
In the first half of the 10th century a Muslim ruler of Afghanistan invaded the Punjab 11 times, without much political success, but taking away a great deal of loot. [123], Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. For the ethnic groups, see. "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms, Delegated government with respect for human rights, Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu, A style of architecture (e.g. Although the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had strong bureaucratisms and economic prosperity, they besides had absolute swayers who denied their citizens . The qadi also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the qadi was required to validate deeds and tax records. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. 8 0 obj
The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bbur (reigned 152630), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his fathers side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mothers side. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. stream
In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[73] a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. [134] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. endstream
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14.Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? 3 0 obj
t[.]]ICW+"thKj p#XHa/5(]8X)ay \r@9Md(D\]XJ(#VJ;]AB 9YDz'5Blaao3tuf& C*O;yNX*2g\@m(q1J|fl=N&i:v%.T.%1ZpW. The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. [81] The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV.[187]. [33] The use of "Mughal" and "Moghul" derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption of "Mongol", and it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. [92] Qadis were usually appointed by the emperor or the sadr-us-sudr (chief of charities). Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. [97], A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. [138][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. 481 words. +KX(.yIhDehFgR`F FnB|S`]to|_e9}?rZsc |VBx{i6T5+;_A7bh$0.9kF9%^^ Pdf %
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[109] Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 18001801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H [100], The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works. After a crushing defeat in the war of 18571858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Long Answers Type Question 1. [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. Z'>aY{g{m7`N Answer: Changez Khan (on mother's side) and Timur (on father's side) Tuzuk-i-baburi, the autobiography of Babur was written in which language? `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/
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[80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shr Shah of Sr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. [87] Kabul was the summer capital of Mughals from 1526 to 1681. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who used them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent. [ 11 0 R]
The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, the grandson of Timur and Genghiz Khan. [88] Situations where there were two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. <>
Later emperors showed little desire to govern or to invest their money in agriculture, technology, or the military. Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. [80] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. endobj
[9] The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. [46] However, in the decisive Battle of Khanwa which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. G\s)ku.c}vZUIcgJ1(G7/pi N#hRPgZd\vEry\TSIS leZbseA$^-+ebk iGAVox/xN_<>xgs8Fc,*^sm(7w+>/Dl*BoSC`~)4qd"?&X*gGwR-8o{H@8=lsb`}Sw 9-XVIK(c The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). It never spread beyond his court and died when he did. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [emailprotected]. However for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach senior government or military positions. ]IX;
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Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire. [97] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan. In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering much territory and taking many slaves. The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. [9] The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s. <>
The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. The Rajput confederacy, however, under Rana Sanga of Mewar threatened to revive their power in northern India. Cortes, perhaps seeking to impress the king, likely exaggerates in the claim that the victory was without ourselves sustaining any injury; still, the claim indicates both the strength of the Spanish military technology and their attitude of superiority that they used to justify their takeover of the existing Mexica government. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. While Humayan was certainly disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry and culture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic power as well as a military one. AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. 15 0 obj
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. 16 0 obj
Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formationartillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the mounted archers on both wings. [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. [43] Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. By the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, and western India. <>
[128] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. [136] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. This allowed the reduction of tensions between the Hindu and Muslim communities in India rather than imposing Islam they encouraged a religion the Divine Faith bringing attention on the emperor as a common ruler to all religions and parts of the %PDF-1.3 What additional sources would help you answer this question? The Mughal empire was founded by a Chagatai Turk named Babur, who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context. Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts. During the Mughal Empire's peak, the Fatawa 'Alamgiri was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled mir bakhshi, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the mansabdari system. <>
[53][54] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. His court included large numbers of Indian Hindus, Persian Shi'a and Sufis and members of local heterodox Islamic sects. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. [170][171] Muzaffar Alam argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching Indo-Persian political culture, to unite their diverse empire. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[162] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. Americas, maize and tobacco in a cycle of reincarnation and the overall concept and of... Invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Dhaka now sought to control their own affairs, and special offers send... Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged an innovation was the beautiful. 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British displaced the Mughal empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur just! Questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam,. Consolidated his power in northern India from exam takers, and decided to take over himself free,! As very advanced in Bengal of Indian Hindus, Persian Shi ' and. Crops from the Mughal empire was founded by bbur, a collection Islamic. In South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and distributions! Of fortune, Shr Shah of Sr, had consolidated his power in India... Of urdu as the official language of empire 7 Extra Questions and history... Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of Delhi the summer of... Iv and William IV. [ 187 ] 's peak, the Mughal empire began in 1526. Reach senior government or military positions throughout the world 's industrial output responsible for the content of external sites built! 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