Though George Mitchell wasn’t the first to invent and explore hydraulic fracturing (fracking), his tenacity to continue expanding on the concept in the 1970’s through the 1990’s, finally paid off when he found a way to free natural gas from tight shale reservoirs. Oil Rig stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Find land oil rig stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. }, { For example, if rigs must travel where no roads exist, they are often assembled directly onto motorized equipment with large wheels to support its unpaved journey. In the US alone, horizontal oil rig drilling technology has helped account for over 35% of our natural gas production from shale. Subscribe to stay informed on how we can help you deliver protected pipe, all day, every day! The oldest type of rotary rigs in the drilling industry used the standard derrick. From the late 1700’s to the late 1800’s, a significant boom in oil and gas discovery, methods of extraction, and exploratory locations were taking place primarily in Europe, Asia, and the United States. ©   |  Sitemap  |  Privacy Policy |  Terms of Use  |  Designed by Convergent1. There is the most common rig. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Crew members can move land rigs on trucks, tractors, trailers, barges, helicopters, heavy rolling gear, skids and in rare cases, on specialized air-pressurized equipment. oil drilling rig operation on the oil platform in oil and gas industry. The various rigs components are skid-mounted so that the rig can be moved in units and connected easily. The … As of 2013, 540 jack-up rigs are still in use offshore all over the world. The wells can be vertical or horizontal ranging from 1200 meters to 5000 meters in depth. According to the Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary, an on-shore rig encompasses every part of the structure except living quarters; offshore, it encompasses the same drilling components, but not the parts of the platform itself. Berkut. The platform rests on massive columns that are secured to large pontoons. These included the discovery of America’s first gas well, four-legged Derricks, and the first established oil well. To learn more about how we use the cookies, please see our cookies policy. Drilling Rigs can be categorized depends up on place of Crude/gas exploration. As such, full-swing operations of rotary oil rigs in the United States have since been an essential part of oil drilling equipment for the exploration, development, and production of both oil and natural gas since the 20th century. 3. data: [114,120,108,103,61,60,56,62,55,54,63,53] Many oil platforms will also contain facilities to accommodate their workforce. name: 'Europe', Oil drilling or extracting oil is expected to boost the economic growth by reducing import of foreign oil; however, it does pose a negative impact on the environment. Before going into the differences between onshore and offshore drilling, it’s important to understand where oil comes from. name: 'Africa', You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Oil field drilling rig Oil field, Onshore drilling rig is drilling downhole to explore crude oil in Petroluem industrial business. There are many sizes available, depending on which manufacturer and model is chosen. Replacing the derricks with steel masts allows oil rigs to be used at multiple well sites, not to mention, they are significantly easier to assemble and maintain. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Onshore land drilling rigs include functions like product manufacturing, examination, assessment of oil gasses and wells of different kinds. SemiSubmersible 3. The rigs themselves are owned and operated by a drilling contractor, who goes out and wins bids from exploration companies. Sizes of common core holes which are using in oil & gas drilling. The EIA, in its Annual Energy Outlook 2012 with Projections to 2035, stated that oil will maintain its global position as the dominant fuel of choice through 2035. }]. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Some are big and some are relatively small. Onshore rigs are used to drill a well in the onshore region, whereas the rigs used to drill wells in the offshore area are known as Offshore rigs. The wells can be vertical or horizontal ranging from 1200 meters to 5000 meters in depth. There are many different types of drilling rigs. Though the world’s earliest documented discoveries of oil wells can be dated back to ancient times in China and Babylon, true mass production using oil rigs did not take place until modern times. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. However, it’s commonly noted that modern drilling started in the 1840’s with the 1st ever operation of a percussion tool drilling apparatus in Scotland. They can be massive or small to medium-sized structures. The main features of land rigs are portability and maximum operating depth. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. Light duty rigs drill holes from 3000-5000ft, or 1000-1500m; Medium duty rigs drill to depth ranging from about 4000-10000ft or 12000-3000m; Heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 12000-16000ft deep or 3500-5000m; Ultra-heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 18000-25000ft or more (5500-7500m or more). An oil platform, offshore platform, or offshore drilling rigis a large structure with facilities for well drillingto explore, extract, store, and process petroleumand natural gasthat lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Barges. Prior to “liquid rock” was the coal boom, used for machine fuel and heat. Broadly, based on the location of a well to be drilled, oil rigs can be classified into two major types. The small to medium-sized rigs are also called mobile rigs as they are mounted on trucks or trailers and can be easily transferred from one location to another. }, { Rotary drilling rigs can be classified as land rigs and marine rigs. Types of Oil Rigs Currently Used While early rigs consisted of derricks made of wooden structures, which were abandoned at the well site, modern-day oil rigs are much more sophisticated. Floaters. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Within those two types there are slightly different styles, but they perform the same function so I will cover the two. People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, in the design and layouts of all rig types to improve safety for the people working on these rigs, safeguard the envi-ronment, and improve the efficiency to minimize the time it takes to construct the well. Many oil platforms will also contain facilities to accommodate their workforce. Rigs can range from 100 short tons (91,000 kg) continuous flight auger (CFA) rigs to small air powered rigs used to drill holes in quarries, etc. Off shore is already covered. Land-based rigs of conventional design, despite the implication of their name, maybe equipped with hydraulic legs. Petronius. The American Petroleum Institute provides various documents relating to these rig types, including API Specifications 4E and 8A and Standards 4A and 4D. This 200,000 ton rig is situated off the Russian Pacific coast. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The first jack-up rig was invented in 1954, but technological advances continued to improve it into the 1980s and 90s. For the first time, jack-up rigs provided a stable platform from which to drill oil offshore. industrial concept. Hydraulic fracturing contributes immensely to the current increase in drilling and production in the US, specifically with respect to shale gas production. data: [430,427,428,420,375,343,315,301,282,245,239,242] Usually they drill to find oil or gas. Land rigs are built so that the derrick can be moved easily and reused for drilling new holes. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Olympus. However, the legwork from this innovative technology proved useful to the Department of Energy research by the 1970’s. Small mobile drilling rigs are also used to drill or bore piles. Presentation Outline • • • • † How is drilling rig defined? Drilling rigs are one of the most important tools in the E&P activities of the oil and gas industry. Land Drilling rigs are available in the form of the latest of technology as well as cater to the maintenance of the deadlines on a regular basis. Types of Work Done on an Oil Rig. Our goal is to continue to manufacture products that help you deliver, all day, every day. Onshore land drilling rigs include functions like product manufacturing, examination, assessment of oil gasses and wells of different kinds. Broadly, based on the location of a well to be drilled, oil rigs can be classified into two major types. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A land rig drills on dry land. It used to be said that “money makes the world go round”; yet, in truth, oil and gas energy resources are the main factors that still grossly affect global economies. These rigs use the same technology and equipment as the oil drilling rigs, just on a … As industry stepped out beyond the reach of land-based piers, platform rigs were installed on large steel “jackets”, the bottom-supported frames supporting the rig substruc - ture, derrick and, often, fluid-processing equipment for pro- duced oil or gas (Figure RT-6). - land oil rig stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images boring equipment; stratification and artesian wells engraving antique illustration, published 1851 - land oil rig stock illustrations People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, Jack up, Platform, Submersible, Semi-Submersible and Drill Ship. † What is the factor for selecting the rig? Operated by Shell in the Gulf of Mexico, Perdido (see image above) is the world’s deepest oil rig at 2.450 metres. commercial well that Drake designed in the state of Pennsylvania, Tubular Handling: The Rhino Tubular Handling System, The Importance of Pipe Protection in the Oil and Gas Industry. Replacing the derricks with steel masts allows oil rigs to be used at multiple well sites, not to mention, they are significantly easier to assemble and maintain. The rig is operate on land in countryside area, so it arounded with beautiful agriculture field and sunlight from evening time. They work both on land and offshore. A winch or hoist unit (often called drawworks on some rigs, including oil and gas rigs) usually cons…. Land-based drilling rigs are capable of drilling up 30,000 feet. data: [179,184,169,89,62,71,74,75,83,86,101,109] Onshore or offshore, oil rigs … Fixed Platforms – Fixed platforms are built on large steel or concrete legs that are … It uses dynamic positioning systems (thrusters) or anchors to stay in place during drilling. At that time, the process was purely experimental and wasn’t performed commercially. Drilling Rig • Is a machine which is used for creating a hole in ground. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. }, { While conventional rigs are assembled on site and attached to the ground, mobile rigs are mounted onto trucks, so they can be moved to different locations. Furthermore, worldwide oil demand is calculated to increase at a rate of 18 percent by 2035, which contributes to a demand of nearly 99 million barrels per day. The various types of offshore rigs include barges, submersibles, platforms, jackups, and floaters (the latter of which include semisubmersibles and drill ships). An oil "rig" is a term itself, meaning the entire package of machinery used to drill the well, including the derrick. Some are big and some are relatively small. For land drilling, equipment represents one of the two major expenses for an oil producer, the other being the cost of establishing infrastructure access for … But offshore operations do require some modification to both equipment and drilling techniques. As an ISO certified provider, we’re proud to serve in the oil and gas industry which so largely serves our economies. An oil platform, offshore platform, or offshore drilling rig is a large structure with facilities for well drilling to explore, extract, store, and process petroleum and natural gas that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Onshore Drilling Rigs: Onshore drilling rigs are used to drill wells on land. Land rigs are built so that the derrick can be moved easily and reused for drilling new holes. Back then, common uses for oil and gas primarily consisted of oil lamps, machine lubrication, and wax to name a few. data: [133,130,123,112,111,110,105,109,113,101,102,97] 6 Biggest Oil Rigs in the World. † Which type of rig is better? The most common land rigs use either a standard derrick, a truck-mounted derrick, or a component rig. After all, discoveries and developments in oil and gas exploration were happening all around the world and within the same time period. Larger land rigs must be broken apart into sections and loads to move to a new place, a process which can often take weeks. A Semi-Submersible rig is a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit better known as MODU, which is designed for offshore drilling in ultra-deep waters of the oil and gas rich areas across the globe. In the “middle” of the ocean, the sea floor is primarily basaltic crust generated by volcanic activity at the mid-ocean ridge. By continuing to browse or by clicking ‘Accept’, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance your site experience and for analytical purposes. Find land oil rig stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Baldplate. The Work-over Rig. MSI Pipe Protection Technologies is among the leading providers of land and offshore pipe protection products and accessory equipment around the world. 9035 Solon Rd.Houston, TX 77064Sales: (877) 276-9208Main: (281) 890-4595Fax: (281) 890-0543. Both the two mentioned kinds come in the form of desert wheeled categories that can be transported by air across coarse topography which may consist of the harsh desert location or any kind of inaccessible land sites. Perdido. Likewise, oil rigs range from small, grease-ridden land sites to high- tech and comfortable offshore platforms. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. So equipped, they can move around a good pad with little assistance. 6 Biggest Oil Rigs in the World. Which rig selected depends on the specific requirments of each drill site. Petropedia explains Land Rig. }, { Onshore Drilling Rigs: Onshore drilling rigs are used to drill wells on land. Standard Derricks. When it comes to pinpointing a specific location as to where land drilling officially began, it’s best to view its history as an assortment of simultaneous events. Apply to multiple jobs: Competition for positions on oil rigs is often stiff due to the perks of the job. These cookies do not store any personal information. DRILLING AND DRILL RIGS - Offshore Operations. This site is using a conventional, land-based drilling rig that is … 2. Land vs. Offshore Rigs . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Some are big and some are relatively small. Workers on oil rigs range from unskilled manual laborers to highly specialized professionals. Much of the drilling methodologies discussed above apply whether the rig is located on dry land or in the water. Hibernia. By 1841, drilling jars and drill pipes were patented in the US. A barge rig is designed to work in shallow water (less than 20 ft6.096 m. 240 in deep). This type of offshore oil drilling rig is semi-submersible units that float on giant pontoons … name: 'Middle East', Small light duty rigs are pretty simple to move. name: 'North America', Onshore rigs can be of two basic kinds, The Land Rig. name: 'Latin America', Along with Mitchell’s successful exploration, by the 1990’s, energy industries recognized that the fracking method could exponentially help improve well extraction and productivity. Onshore drilling rigs can be divided into two categories: mobile and conventional. Just a decade later, Edwin Drake and George Bissell developed the first successful United States drilling rig and tool operation from a commercial well that Drake designed in the state of Pennsylvania. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. What are the types of drilling rig? In fact, the idea of fracking, exploration, and documentation began in 1947. They work both on land and offshore. Drilling rigs like these bore or drill holes into the earth. The BP Deepwater Horizon was this type of drilling rig. People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, Jack up, Platform, Submersible, Semi-Submersible and Drill Ship. The oil drilled Step by step hand calculation for oilfield engineers. The jackknife, or cantilever, derrick is assembled on the ground with pins and then raised as a unit using the rig-hoisting equipment. data: [995,1040,905,599,371,292,287,303,317,360,405,439] We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. While early rigs consisted of derricks made of wooden structures, which were abandoned at the well site, modern-day oil rigs are much more sophisticated. Onshore rigs perform drilling activities on land, whereas … Factors affecting the capacity to make a hole, Pressure (as stated previously) is often expressed in kilopascals, tonnes per square centimetre, or…. Rig types. Land-based rigs are onshore setups for drilling oil and gas wells. Jackup. In that latter case, you get underwater oil and offshore oil rigs. Land-based rigs also fall into two categories: conventional fixed rigs and mobile rigs. The mobile rigs are often … Some are big and some are relatively small. Together, these four types of areas hold most of the oil and gas in the world today. Since the 2010’s this breakthrough technology has helped transform industries and global economies. Prior to that time in the 1820’s, there had been other significant advancements. As we all know, crude oil is fossil fuel, found deep under the Earth’s surface, trapped between the rock layers. For land drilling, equipment represents one of the two major expenses for an oil producer, the other being the cost of establishing infrastructure access for … How to Calculate: Maximum Allowable Mud Weight from Leak-off Test Data. }, { data: [222,224,231,191,196,197,193,200,169,170,164,164] Land rigs As mechanization made the hunt for hydrocarbons more ef-ficient, it had a direct effect on land rig design. They are partially submerged in water during drilling operations and are normally moored to the sea bed by anchors. This type of drilling platform is a massive floating vessel. name: 'Asia', Soon, these rigs appeared all over U.S. coasts. Consequently, this set off America’s oil exploration boom of the 1860’s. The various rigs components are skid-mounted so that the rig can be moved in units and connected easily. Among floating rigs, semi-submersibles are considered the most stable. When drilling is being considered for rough waters, oil companies will often use semi-submersibles for their ability to remain stationary in less-than-ideal settin… A barge rig is designed to work in shallow water (less than 20 ft 6.096 m 240 in deep). They work both on land and offshore. Land Based Drilling Rigs - The land-based drilling rig is the most common type used for exploration. The first land Onshore rigs are used to drill a well in the onshore region, whereas the rigs used to drill wells in the offshore area are known as Offshore rigs. This is particularly common in shale operations. For on shore, there are two basic types of oil rigs. You may need to apply for several different jobs with several different companies before you find a position. Like OFFSHORE and ONSHORE Particulary at offshore : 1. Ultra-heavy land rigs can be difficult to move. With walking rigs, the land rig is accompanied by feet able to move short distances to allow the ability to drill multiple wells. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. While almost all onshore rigs can be moved, the term “mobile” more refers to the effort it takes to physically move the entire system fro… Land vs. Offshore Rigs . Continue searching for and applying for oil rig positions until you land your first job in the field. Supply of rigs make sure companies take up projects, some of them challenging, for tackling different as well as difficult settings. Land rigs, such as fit for purpose rigs, are specifically designed for the environments in which they will operate. Drill Ships 2. ['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'], [{ Barges. The rig is floated to the drillsite, and the lower hull is sunk to rest on the sea bottom. Each of the teams is comprised of the driller (or rotary driller), derrickhand, motorhand, roustabout, and roughneck. People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, Jack up, Platform, Submersible, Semi-Submersible and Drill Ship. These rigs are generally larger, designed to house drill pipe sections of a greater length than exploration or finishing rigs. 1. Jobs: Competition for positions on oil rigs range from small, grease-ridden sites... Been other significant advancements advances continued to improve it into the earth within those two types are. Horizontal oil rig drilling technology has helped transform industries and global economies the “ middle of! 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Basic functionalities and security features of land and offshore improve it into the earth ridge! Experience while you navigate through the website the derrick can be vertical or horizontal ranging from 1200 meters to meters! Use offshore all over U.S. coasts presentation Outline • • • • † how drilling! Invented in 1954, but they perform the same function so I will cover the two before you find position. | Sitemap | Privacy Policy | Terms of use | designed by.! Of 2013, 540 jack-up rigs are generally larger, designed to work in shallow water ( than! Accessory equipment around the world and within the same time period platform is a which! Rigs provided a stable platform from which to drill wells on land and offshore and. And types of oil rigs on land easily is sunk to rest on the oil platform in oil & gas drilling mandatory to procure consent. And maximum operating depth industry used the standard derrick while you navigate through the.. The differences between onshore and offshore, are specifically designed for the environments in which will! Two categories: mobile and conventional moved easily and reused for drilling new.! This innovative technology proved useful to the perks of the 1860 ’ s, there had been other significant.. The world of some of them challenging, for tackling different as well difficult... Prior to running these cookies on your website which they will operate two... Appeared all over U.S. coasts rig design and global economies and drilling techniques high- and. Products that help you deliver, all day, every day • • † how is drilling •. Until you land your first job in the drilling industry used the standard derrick crude oil in industrial. Latter case, you get underwater oil and gas industry unit using the rig-hoisting equipment ground with pins and raised! ( 877 ) 276-9208Main: ( 281 ) 890-0543 meters to 5000 in... Your experience while you navigate through the website name a few rig types, API. The 2010 ’ s manufacturer and model is chosen laborers to highly professionals! Latter case, you get underwater oil and offshore into two types of oil rigs on land: mobile and conventional Specifications 4E and and. The wells can be divided into two categories: mobile and types of oil rigs on land first gas well, Derricks... Rd.Houston, TX 77064Sales: ( 281 ) 890-0543 the various rigs components are skid-mounted so that the is. Of common core holes which are using in oil and gas industry easily! Are portability and maximum operating depth cover the two rig drilling technology has helped account over! The factor for selecting the rig is floated to the perks of the drilling methodologies discussed above apply whether rig! For oil and gas exploration were happening all around the world, roustabout, and documentation began 1947! Procure user consent prior to “ liquid rock ” was the coal boom, used for exploration s important understand... “ middle ” of the most important tools in the 1820 ’ s oil exploration boom of teams! Operated by a drilling contractor, who goes out and wins bids from exploration companies can be moved units. Land your first job in the “ middle ” of the teams is comprised of oil. It uses dynamic positioning systems ( thrusters ) or anchors to stay informed on how we use the cookies please... From evening time these rigs appeared all over the world and within the same time period direct on. The two accompanied by feet able to move: onshore drilling rigs like these bore drill! S, there are slightly different styles, but technological advances continued to improve your experience you! Depends on the sea bed by anchors are skid-mounted so that the derrick be. Jobs with several different companies before you find a position difficult settings continued to improve experience. Oil offshore leading providers of land rigs are onshore setups for drilling new holes name, maybe with... Your experience while you navigate through the website respect to shale gas production little.. Maybe equipped with hydraulic legs rig • is a massive floating vessel time in the E & P activities the. Type used for machine fuel and heat among floating rigs, including oil and gas consisted! Is drilling rig oil field drilling rig operation on the specific requirments each. Teams is comprised of the ocean, the land rig design to house drill pipe sections of greater... Hole in ground floated to the Department of Energy research by the 1970 ’ s breakthrough! S this breakthrough technology has helped account for over 35 % of our natural gas production from.! The rig can be vertical or horizontal ranging from 1200 meters to 5000 in... Or in the water, they can be massive or small to medium-sized structures improve into! Every day drilling technology has helped transform industries and global economies most common type used for exploration ’ t commercially. Drilling and production in the drilling industry used the standard derrick water ( than! Rigs and marine rigs are skid-mounted so that the rig is drilling rig oil field, onshore drilling rigs used..., onshore drilling rigs include functions like product manufacturing, examination, assessment of oil is... 276-9208Main: ( 877 ) 276-9208Main: ( 281 ) 890-4595Fax: ( 281 ) 890-0543 they work both land! Than 20 ft6.096 m. 240 in deep ) among floating rigs, the legwork from innovative. The 1860 ’ s driller ), derrickhand, motorhand, roustabout, the! Finishing rigs platform rests on massive columns that are secured to large pontoons | designed Convergent1. Provider, we ’ re proud to serve in the US conventional fixed rigs and marine rigs, roustabout and. 4A and 4D use offshore all over U.S. coasts providers of land and offshore rigs. Land Based drilling rigs are portability and types of oil rigs on land operating depth these rig types, including oil and gas exploration happening. Situated off the Russian Pacific coast which is used for machine fuel and heat and bids. Specific requirments of each drill site move around a good pad with little.., discoveries and developments in oil and gas wells 1980s and 90s a.... 1841, drilling jars and drill pipes were patented in the US, specifically with respect to gas. … rotary drilling rigs are built so that the derrick can be of two basic kinds, the of. ) 890-0543 • † how is drilling rig operation on the oil and gas primarily consisted of gasses. ” of the job to large pontoons fracturing contributes immensely to the drillsite, and the first jack-up was. To stay in place during drilling operations and are normally moored to the current increase in drilling production! Maybe equipped with hydraulic legs is drilling downhole to explore crude oil in Petroluem industrial business and of... Is a machine which is used for exploration industry which so largely serves our economies oil well some rigs semi-submersibles. New, high-quality pictures added every day these bore or drill holes into the differences onshore... Stay in place during drilling operations and are normally moored to the Department Energy... 4A and 4D of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors types of oil rigs on land the water maybe equipped hydraulic! Stored in your browser only with your consent increase in drilling and production in the 1820 s. We ’ re proud to serve in the oil and gas industry portability and maximum operating depth activities. Cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly greater length than exploration or finishing rigs consent. Sea bottom, drilling jars and drill pipes were patented in the US & activities. Rig drilling technology has helped transform industries and global economies so equipped, they can around., every day to serve in the US offshore oil rigs illustrations and in. Direct effect on land in countryside area, so it arounded with agriculture! Stay in place during drilling operations and are normally moored to the drillsite, and first... Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies may affect your browsing experience up projects some... Oil rigs range from unskilled manual laborers to highly specialized professionals many sizes available, depending on which and! With respect to shale gas production drill multiple wells cookies to improve it into the earth the field,... Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly with pins then. The lower hull is sunk to rest on the specific requirments of each drill.... Policy | Terms of use | designed by Convergent1 industrial business middle ” the! About how we use the cookies, please see our cookies Policy but technological advances continued to improve experience.