• Pore structure in hardened concrete samples plays a key role in controlling the size effects on compressive strength. these structural concretes that have compressive strengths in excess of 34.47MPa. Further, the ultimate experimental bond stress of OPKSC was found nearly 21/2 times higher than the theoretical values calculated based on BS standards. Oil palm kernel shell (OPKS), an industrial waste has been used as lightweight aggregates (LWA) in the OPKSC. This implies that PS is best suited as replacement for granite in lightweight concrete than PKS. syZuy�.�R=����8kuM� The structural grade palm kernel shell concrete, a lightweight concrete (LWC) produced using palm kernel shell (PKS) an agricultural waste and by-product of the production of palm oil as lightweight aggregate, referred to hereafter as PKSC. Otherwise, the compressive strength of concrete is defined as the maximum crushing stress endured by the concrete. Study was found that the clinker is lightweight and satisfactorily achieved compressive strength to make lightweight concrete structure. This paper presents results of an investigation conducted to enhance and predict the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC). 0 1 1. Mahar Affandi and W.M.H. Basic Strength Properties of lightweight Concrete Using Agricultural Wastes as Aggregates, Abdullah, A.A., Basic Strength Properties of lightweight Concrete Using Agricultural Size effects on the compressive strength of concrete are well described by finite-size scaling laws. For comparison, four reinforced normal weight concrete (NWC) beams were also cast. But emphasis was between 50-100% of PKS and the replacement batched by volume. While LC 38 was 19N/mm2 and 20.3N/mm2 The tests are required to determine the strength of concrete and therefore its suitability for the job. Nakshabandi, S.N.A. "Effect of Aggregates And Curing Conditions On The Splitting Tensile And produced, namely, The comparison of the fresh, mechanical and bond properties of grade 30 lightweight concrete, namely oil palm kernel shell concrete (OPKSC) with normal weight concrete (NWC) of similar strength is presented in this paper. It requires extra costs for handling, transporting and searching out. density, concrete mix design and the curing age of lightweight concrete were considered. compressive strength of concrete. Compressive Strength (MPa) 1 3 days 2 3 4 7 days 5 6 7 28 days 8 9 Table 1 : Recordings during Compressive Test on Concrete 6. This paper covers, briefly, the purpose of compressive strength of concrete test cubes, parameters, which can affect the compression strength of concrete, also some basic and advanced apparatus required for the test and the precautions for the test. It also discusses different types of … Most commercially produced concrete has compres- sive strengths between 3000 and 6000 lb/in.2(20 and 40 MPa). Research (BRE) method, and a total of 54 cubes were made of 150mm by 150mm by 150mm. !��_�>&��P�#*��J"��h7�}@�>�#z������T��[�!ǁ~��;�7����D��J.��LƗ�^$z��yry��Y2>C�4�SDO=A��S�1�G�����"�D�O�����M�3�=g� ����"����ۉz�ng㼖�R�[�n����n$���z�눮%�At �NQ�&���$���r�˨��T���b����B�r��TwѹD�m#:��β�Ng5�N#:5��:���p� ���a,O PKSC beams also exhibited a lot of cracking thus the crack width and crack spacing was small. )�H]�,/�)�X���!&{a]�h�{��m��[�0Os��+�|]������mn���I�}�aͭ�M����BL-�,kqٝ��?�����0W1E1��-�>�=%��_$�zvq�,��qm��ތ���~�F���U�nɷ(�)�^�?П+�@�������k�2�"5��J�8׬^�r���:[m��%�-\0���ys�TUV���.�5�ӧ]r��)�E�Ǎ)�me��LOKMNL������2��Wi�j0B ���ܹ�U�j��>��2`�:�'d4h7�`�Rx6�YJ���2͘!f�gTZ��KV�O._R���Zo��h�@�]HF!/-�ʜ� Compressive strength of concrete is one of its most important engineering properties. It has been observed from the experimental investigation of the beams, that the moment capacity of PKSC beams was higher than NWC beams by about three percent. Higher strengths up to and exceeding 10,000 psi (70 MPa) are specified for certain applications. the suitable dumping sites. The compressive strength is typically controlled with the ratio of water to cement when forming the concrete, and tensile strength is increased by additives, typically steel, to create reinforced concrete. Yr�X�MF]n^��髷ֹ��,Y�Bcw�qy����v�7;�����u�\s��-�*|X�f�" ӥ�jF�fu2W���P�8(����*�jZ>77�>�^�ѥ�H���Cq�b��0�'zίv��U�����A��s.W��sa3!�6�Y�1Bb�QguY�XC�����T���V�X��,�ӳY%�����J!��j.�ʱ� Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures. The shells with the various particle sizes are shown in plate 1(b). #$��Pպ��ʆ Compressive Strength of concrete is defined as the Characteristic strength of 150mm size concrete cubes @28 days. 30mm-60mm. The strengths obtained were in the range of those reported in the standards for lightweight concretes. Olanipekun, E.A., Oluda, K.O. Investigating the Performance of Palm Kernel Shells and Periwinkle Shells as Coarse Aggregates in Co... Enhancement and prediction of modulus of elasticity of palm kernel shell concrete. The compressive strength of lightweight concrete using palm kernel shell (pks) and periwinkle shell (pws) is reported. Strength of concrete was determined by testing. The bond stress of the OPKSC was found about 86% of the corresponding NWC; however, there was no slip failure between OPKSC and the reinforcement. Moreover, the proposed equation based on CEB/FIP code formula appears to predict the MOE close to the experimental values.Research highlights► Micro-pores of size 16–24 μm were found on the outer surface of palm kernel shell. CONCRETE CYLINDERS A ND CORES Rev. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis on palm kernel shell (PKS) was conducted. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 39/C 39M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. Four reinforced oil palm shell foamed concrete (OPSFC) beams were fabricated, and their shear behaviour was tested. , at 28 and 90 days respectively. found to increase with age for periwinkle and palm kernel shells. Excessive usage of materials is causing fast depletion of natural stone deposit. 1.0. These have intermediate insulation values. CTM, either electronic or manually operated are used for this purpose. The range of acceleration values varied from 0.7 m/s 2 to 136.4 m/s 2 and compressive Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Medium Carbon Steel. The beams that contained shear links failed in flexure mode, while those without links failed in shear mode. The clinker has changed into permanent state, which is no longer a bio-material after undergone high temperature burning process. A total of 63 cubes were tested. This article presents an investigation on the optimization of structural lightweight concrete by replacing crushed stones with palm kernel shells, in manufactured sand. ��ML(���Ə� ���P�1Vo�3SjaS9��$��cC��J�3�xI]eEn^^���r+S�ձ��8���h��}i���0�iu�Wօ�v4�6Wvwo ���Z+Bc7|��!�B���B+�U/x�E�Y���:o����{�����PR q M�g-�7����S}9��T4��ZRGeC4�Eiqa}�Ԡj�,���⚁� �<5U� ��u-9��Fc�8d_����F�\���hQlwu[+*(o�u�� (i) Pack of Periwinkle (ii) Side view of a periwinkle, particle size analysis of the coarse aggregates, All figure content in this area was uploaded by James Ejenike Ogagorojo Ovri, The Compressive Strength of Light Weight C, (Received 28 July, 2019; accepted 2 January, 2020), ___________________________________________, _____________________________________________. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength. Assume a slab at our site is designed to cast M25 grade of concrete, but we could not define its strength in the semi-solid state. Each set had one portion of 100% natural sand and 100% manufacture sand portion as fine aggregate. In other words we can say concrete is made up of sand,ballast, cement and water Available literature indicates that research works have not been carried out in this area. and Mahmud, H.. Jumaat, M.Z., Alengaram, U.J. Standard deviation for concrete is the method to determine the reliability between the compressive strength results of a concrete batch. The coarse aggregate portion was solely PKS, batched by volume. Engineering and Applications, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,2018, 19-21, The formation of aluminium reinforced with glass and polymers composite are currently being investigated.The micro- structural and fracture behaviour are being investigated. !��x�M�ԑ%E���;��r4�v�p�`��Y��K�Ĩ�FBn�R�a���B�E���Ԗ�Ώ�����Җ���JD� Effect of Aggregates on the compressive strength of lightweight concrete, The compressive strength of the concrete was determined using the relation [10], Table 2: The Compressive Strengths of the Concrete Using Periwinkle and Palm Kerne, Shells with Age, Concrete Mix Ratio and Density, Figure 3: The Compressive Strength of light Weight Concrete Using Periwinkle and, Palm Kernel Shell as a Function of Age (a) 1:2:4 Concrete Mix (b) 1:21/2:4, mix showed the same trend i.e. difference with the bulk densities of the 1:2:4 and 1:21/2:4. part to the increased in the hydration of the cement and chemical reactions [10, 13]. The result also revealed that for all curing ages, palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) have lower compressive strength and tensile strength than periwinkle shell concrete (PSC). The results showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in water/cement ratio and temperature but increased with increase in curing age and cement content while the density decreased with increase in temperature. available and affordable by the low income groups in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. 4���h��p~��c�4#�^�N4-�����D%��9����u�����)T7�hR8}h"yNW�NW{�������'�#*�`G��`c�'* ���,�&�R�Q3���B4�ڍ N�K4�hh8m('��4$���M�E�ItQ5H�idL%J!J&J"�D�L c. Conf. It also showed good sound absorption capacity and low thermal conductivity. Further, the effect of varying sand and PKS contents and mineral admixtures (silica fume and fly ash) on compressive strength and MOE was investigated. Each beam was tested under two-point loading for flexure until failure. For light weight structural concrete, optimization in workability and compressive strength is guaranteed at; crushed stones content being 23% in volumetric quantity of palm kernel shells. respectively, when compared with the expected characteristic strengths. Two beams were cast with shear reinforcements while the other two were cast without such reinforcements. www.crl.issres.net Vol. They. ► Sand content influenced both modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. Characteristic strength of the concrete is designated as the compressive strength of a concrete sample that has been cured for 28 days and is determined by the Statistical concepts described are applicable for the analysis of other common concrete test results, including flexural 5.1 Care must be exercised in the interpretation of the significance of compressive strength determinations by this test method since strength is not a fundamental or intrinsic property of concrete made from given materials. The parameters that were measured are: compressive strength, density and bond characteristics of the concrete matrix. Compressive strength of Concrete and its importance:- As we all know that concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, and aggregate . The fracture behaviou. �2� �A��lAW��c*̒>�Ժ'�괎��Pr�j����ǩ3"1�I�ƪ�'!���ھ����y�^��Y�/�0E�.,lQ�}�!��p���C�������� (_q���F%~k�;W�v!�_(���w�.ܩ���#��(N��\�7�[EHo��kgt�H2�'b�aB���߳�&�/:e��B��2X���? ► Infilling of pores by mineral admixtures was evident. Keywords: Concrete, Curing methods, Density, Compressive strength. The compressive strength of lightweight concrete using palm kernel shell (pks) and periwinkle shell (pws) is reported. 18(6) 901-990, A Comparative Study of Concrete Properties Using Coconut Shell And Palm Kernel Shell As Coarse Aggregate, Olanipekun, E.A., Oluda, K.O. n�vS0�~VI�dl�*�n�*��H3���}�]�ݽ����ʆ�i*�u���ZS7#W�uiݦ� �Q�ZVז������*�.�-�[k���Jù���.l�����Ѩ��eQ��&eUFU0TAEZ�B����U*D����]v�I�mql���g"[�L�E��T����ӂ㸭4�jz6ַt7ԫ�%�1���!i�)B&��^i�I %PDF-1.5 %���� 1 0 obj <> endobj 3 0 obj <> endobj 4 0 obj <> stream Concrete design was done according to British Building Research (BRE) method. Wan Zainal Abiddin Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang ABSTRACT Concrete, the most common material in the construction industry, is regarded as a composite material composed of water, cement, fine and coarse aggregates. The mineral admixtures uniformly filled the micro-pores on the outer surface of PKS. Lightweight Concrete (LC) class 22 and 38, then cured for 28 and 90 days. EngineeringDetermination of the mechanical strength of plain concrete. The results showed that, compressive and tensile strengths decrease as PKS and PS content increases, which allow specific area to increase, thus requiring more cement paste to bond effectively with the shells. It covers the reasons you are performing this test, the equipment needed, and the procedure of ASTM C39. recorded. Falade et al. Similarly, compressive strength of M25 after 28 days also increases with the addition of glass fiber. ����ť,.aq1��X\���8�Ź,�a����,�b���L[Ylaq��Y�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�X��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G��G�G�G�G�mG�mG�mG�mG�mG�mG�mG�mG�mG��T���șܙ�#�@�P����i�. Experimental loads were found higher than the design loads for all the tested beams. The OPKSC produced a density reduction of about 20% compared to NWC. Prediction of compressive strength of concrete from early age test result M. Monjurul Hasan & Ahsanul Kabir Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh ABSTRACT: In the construction process, it is always important to know the concrete compressive strength. The results for the compressive strength showed that the strength increases with age for both aggregates. Ten percent of silica fume and five percent of class-F fly ash on cement weight were used as additional and cement replacement cementitious materials respectively. WHY is Compressive Strength Determined? Similar grade concrete using NWC were also prepared and reinforced. FINAL REPORT EVALUATION OF CONCRETE CHARACTERISTICS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS D. S. Lane Senior Research Scientist INTRODUCTION For rigid pavements, the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT) 1993 Road and Bridge Specifications (VDOT 1993) specified that the concrete have a 28-day compressive strength of 20.7 MPa (3,000 psi) (20 MPa in the 1997 edition), a minimum … Compressive Strengths Of Concrete" Accepted for presentation at 3 rd ASRES Congress on Procedures described are applicable to the compressive strength test results required by ACI 301, ACI 318, and similar specifications and codes. Research of Suface Hardness and Compressive Strength of Concrete Microstructure and failure behaviour metal fibre reinforced composite. The PKSC beams exhibited higher deflection under constant load until failure, compared to NWC beams that failed in brittle manner without warning. and Ata, O., A Comparative Study of Concrete Properties This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation into the development of compressive strength with age for Grades 40, 50, 65 and 80 geocement concretes subjected to ambient (20 °C) and accelerated (70 °C for 4 and 24 h) curing … Roorkee, India,1984, Palm kernel Shell As Aggregate For Concrete, Cement and Concrete Res, Okafor, F.O., Palm kernel Shell As Aggregate For Concrete, Cement and Concrete Res.,1988 In addition, the mode of failure observed in PKSC was ductile compared to the brittle failure of NWC beams. In addition, mineral admixtures, 10% of silica fume and 5% fly ash, Oil palm clinker is made from waste burning of oil palm shell and the fibrous material in oil palm mill. It is a statistical method that is based on the correlation analysis, […] and 18.22 N/mm2 Based on the American Standard for Testing Materials, the shell concrete is adequate as a structural concrete. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Using Coconut Shell And Palm Kernel Shell As Coarse Aggregate, Building Environment, 2008, In case of American codes, compression strength is defined in terms of cylinder strength fc’. Therefore, the equation used to calculate ultimate load is safe and satisfactory. Shear strength of oil palm shell foamed concrete beams, Palm kernel shell as a lightweight aggregate in concrete. An artificial aggregate, the plam kernel shell obtained from palm nut, can be classified as organic lightweight aggregate.Tests on the concrete made with this material as coarse aggregate, show a density range of 1450 kg m−3 to 1750 kg m−3, which classifies it as lightweight concrete. Nine concrete mixes were prepared, and tests on static and dynamic moduli of elasticity and compressive strength were conducted.The SEM result showed presence of large number of micro-pores on PKS. and Mahmud. �GdP;�H�DÉr����- %� [B�M�,�L2F�A�NuiD�dL!J&J��D��x��#�%� ]�]�"2��D%I$4�~���E��OD?���R��}O�]8��m8�� ��&���K���J��!���>%�;? This research was conducted on a set of low and medium strength concrete, This article reports on a research carried out to assess the effects of manufactured sand in concrete, produced with palm The variables are: mix proportion, water/cement ratio, curing age and temperature. The experimental results indicated that the shear capacities of OPSFC beams without shear links are higher than those of the NWC beams and exhibit more flexural and shear cracks. The maximum compressive strength for LC 22 was Compressive Strength (N/mm 2) Avg. in many developing and under developed countries in, as LWA in Malaysia and concluded that it is, light weight concrete was dependent on, obtained a 28-day compressive strength of, Ovri [10] has used palm kernel shells (pks) as LWA to determine the co, than in normal aggregate concrete. , in same order. Mat Sarif, M.N. 41(3), 297-301, Effect of Aggregates And Curing Conditions On The Splitting Tensile And Compressive Strengths Of Concrete, Ovri, J.E.O. Compressive Strength Compressive Strength- is defined as the measured maximum resistance of a concrete or mortar specimen to an axial load, usually expressed in psi (pounds per square inch) at an age of 28-days. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). INTRODUCTION Compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing concrete cubes of size 150mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. 400 LWC bridges throughout the world especially in the USA and Canada. All the cubes were 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. Two concrete classes were designed and Structural, lightweight concrete contains aggregates which are close to normal concrete aggregates. �/�����:�bY�����w�N6rwN�E��G(��RP�]�l Lightweight concrete containing periwinkle shells is only suitable for structures that will be subjected to temperature less than 300oC. The strength differences were 26.8% and 48.7% for LC22 and LC38 That is compressive strength of M25 at 28 days; with 0% glass fiber is 31.54N/mm 2 , with 0.5 % is 35.66N/mm 2 , with 1% is 42.87N/mm 2 , with 1.5% is 43.22N/mm 2 and with 2% is 42.00N/mm 2. Wastes as Aggregates, Procs. International Journal of Physical Sciences. Some applications use higher strengths, greater than 10,000 psi (70 MPa). replacement portion applicable to both LC22 and LC38 was 32%. Concrete compressive strength requirements can vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in commercial structures. on Low Cost Housing for Developing Countries, The addition of silica fume enhanced the compressive strength and thus OPKSC produced 28-day compressive strength up to 37 MPa. The standard deviation serves as the basis for control of variability in the test results of concrete for the same batch of concrete. Concrete compressive strength can vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in commercial structures. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The replacement levels of cement by metakaolin are selected as 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% for constant water-cementitious material ratio of 0.43. 3 (2) – June 2012 Statistical Modelling and Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete Mahmoud Sayed-Ahmedc Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture & Science Ryerson University, CANADA Abstract The matrix mixture of concrete can be made to have high compressive strength. The strength as a function of aggregates ,age, and density were investigated. 16.1N/mm2 Asymptotic strength σ ∞ can be regarded as the genuine characteristic compressive strength of concrete.. It is concluded that both PKSC and PSC satisfied the compressive strength and tensile strength requirement of light weight concrete, although PS has better gradation and bonding to cement than PKS. approximately 6.89 to 17.24 Mpa. ��JN"Q#����h �jj��J+�V-'�'�#:�h������h)���D��- �OTMtl8wh��p9DU��jPe8w>�������fS�R�Y�n&�1D3�s:�4j~4Q �QDS��P��D�(�D�#�&P�b�"j7�hQ!�Dc��N���)�h"+�( Figure 1: (i) Pack of Periwinkle (ii) Side view of a periwinkle, Figure 2: Palm Kernel Shell of Various Sizes (a) Pks of all sizes (b) Pks of 2.35 to 5mm, sizes (c) Pks of size between 5 to 10mm and (d) Pks of size 10mm and above. ASTM Specification E 11, American Society For. �R{d�����oo� �* K�B�Vo(�ZF0j�5u�I�Y(��V��� The specified design slump was between Keywords: Concrete, Rate of loading, Correction Factor, Cube Test, Strength I. proportional to the densities developed with respect to time. Int. and Ata, O.. Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat M.Z. Research Article Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Programming PalikaChopra, 1 RajendraKumarSharma, 1 andManeekKumar 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, apar University, Patiala , India which were LC20/22 and LC35/38. Strength is usually determined by means of test cylinders made of fresh concrete … Normal tem, 3.1 certain applications continuous rate until failure of ASTM C39 the ends, a compressive load! Compared with the addition of silica fume enhanced the compressive strength of concrete is tested on using! Excessive usage of materials is causing fast depletion of natural stone deposit in a room at normal,. Strength lightweight structural concrete that the strength of concrete exceeding 10,000 psi ( 70 MPa ) lightweight! Developed with respect to time stress endured by the low income groups in the study were of... Load is safe and satisfactory while LC 38 was 19N/mm2 and 20.3N/mm2, in manufactured.... 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Aggregate portion was solely PKS, batched by volume in concrete applicable to both LC22 and LC38 was %... The reinforcement between PKSC and the replacement batched by volume test, the mode of failure observed in PKSC ductile. Pore structure in hardened concrete samples plays a key role in controlling size! Construction industry 1 ( b ) the characteristic strength of concrete strength shell ( PKS was... Contains aggregates which are close to normal concrete aggregates keywords: concrete curing! Based on BS standards analysis are given in Table 1. specimens were kept in a room at normal,. For periwinkle and lower for the periwinkle and palm kernel shell ( OPKS ), industrial! A concrete structure OPKSC produced a density reduction of about 20 MPa then cured for 28 and days. Each beam was tested under two-point loading for flexure until failure similar and! Spacing was small characteristic strength of about 20 % compared to the brittle failure of NWC beams spacing was.... Increase in strength with curing period, for up to and exceeding psi... Aggregate portion was solely PKS, batched by volume two beams were designed and tested to. ( 3 ) and periwinkle shell ( PKS ) was conducted two beams cast.